Which of the following is not a common problem encountered when using the traditional file concept?

• A. Data redundancy
• B. Data dependencies
• C. Data independence
• D. Data integrity

Answer: (C)

Data independence refers to the capacity to change the data model and structure without impacting the applications that use the data. In traditional file systems, data independence is often lacking because file formats and structures are tightly integrated with the application code. As a result, making changes to the structure may require significant alterations in the application that accesses that data. This can lead to problems when modifications are necessary or when trying to integrate new systems.

On the other hand, data redundancy, data dependencies, and data integrity are common issues typically faced in traditional file systems. Data redundancy occurs when the same data is stored in multiple places, leading to unnecessary duplication and increased storage requirements. Data dependencies highlight the reliance of data on specific application structures, making it challenging to modify the data without impacting the dependent applications. Data integrity concerns the accuracy and consistency of data over its lifecycle; traditional file systems often struggle to maintain high levels of data integrity due to lack of effective controls.

Thus, identifying data independence as the correct answer illustrates an understanding of the differences between the limitations of traditional file systems and the more flexible structures provided by modern database systems.